Indian Geo; Drainage, Himalayan rivers and Climate

  • Drainage of India –
    • 90% of land water drains into Bay of Bengal.
    • Antecedent rivers – Indus, Brahmaputra and Sutlej.
    • Kosi is also known as the sorrow of Bihar.
    • Damodar is also known as the sorrow of Bengal.
  • Himalayan rivers systems –
    • Indus system. (Sindhu)
      • One of the largest river basin of the world.
      • Length in India 1114 km.
      • Glacier near Bokhar chee in the Tibetan region near mansarover lake.
      • Known as Singi Khambar or Lions mouth in Tibet.
    • Ganga system.
      • Second major drainage system of India.
      • Length is about 2525 km.
      • Emerges from Gangotri glacier near Gomukh. (3900 m)
      • Bhagirathi and Alaknanda meet to be termed as Ganga at the Devprayag.
      • Alaknanda originates from satopanth glacier above Badrinath.
      • Alaknanda consists of the Dhauli ganga and the Vishnu ganga, which meets at the Joshimath or Vishnu prayag.
      • Pinder joins Alaknanda at Karna prayag.
      • Mandakini and kali ganga joins Alaknanda at Rudra prayag.
      • Sunderbans the biggest delta is formed by the ganges.
    • Brahmaputra system.
      • One of the largest rivers of the world.
      • Called as –
        • Tsango in Tibet.
        • Dihang / Sing in Arunchal Pradesh.
        • Brahmaputra in Assam.
        • And Jamuna in Bangladesh.
      • Majuli is the largest river-island of the world.
    • Peninsular river system.
      • Are older than Himalayan one.
      • Their large numbers are seasonal rivers.
      • Almost all the rivers forms delta at their mouth except Narmada and Tapi, as they form estuaries and flows west (swift flow and steep slope).
      • Drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are comparatively smaller in size.
  • The climate if India.
    • Tropical monsoon type of climate.
    • Himalayas block the cold masses from central asia.
    • Tropic of cancer (23.50 N) divides India into two almost equal climate zones, namely the Northern zone (sub-tropical) and southern zone (tropical).
    • The warm temperature or the sub-tropical climate gives it cold winter seasons and hot summer seasons.
    • Southern zone has sun almost vertically overhead at least twice every year.
    • Himalayan range protects india from bitterly cold and dry winds from central asia.
    • Heating of interior part during summer attracts monsoon winds and cause monsoon rainfall.
    • In winter western disturbance cause snowfall in mountains and rainfall in plains.
  • Indian Metrological department has recognized the following four distinct seasons –
    • The cold season or the winter season.
    • The hot weather season or the summer season.
    • The south-west monsoon season or the rainy season.
    • The season of retreating monsoon or the cool season.
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