Indian Geo; Peninsular plateau, Ghats and The Islands

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    • The Peninsular plateau.
      • Composed of mainly Archien gneisses and schists.
      • Formed due to breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land.
      • Three sides water thus called as Peninsular.
      • Broad and shallow valley and rounded hills.
      • Narmada river through rift valley divides region into the central highlands in north and the deccan plateau in its south.
      • The Aravalli ranges.
        • North-east to south-west for 800 km from Delhi through Rajasthan to Palanpur in Gujarat.
        • Height 400-1300 km.
      • The Vindhya ranges.
        • Are parallel to Narmada rift valley.
        • Follows east-west direction.
        • Sasaram in Bihar to Jabat in Gujarat.
        • Distance of 1200 km.
        • Height varies from 400-700m.
        • Great boundary fault separates Aravallies from Vindhya.
      • The Satpura range.
        • Series of seven mountains.
        • East-west direction between Narmada and Tapi.
        • An example of Block Mountains.
        • Amarkantak in Maikal range at M.P and Chhattisgarh border is the source of the river Narmada.
      • The Marwar uplands.
        • Lies east of Aravalli ranges.
        • Sandstone and limestone of vindhyan period.
        • Chambal and Banas flows in this region.
      • The Malwa plateau.
        • Largely in northern M.P.
        • Typical for two systems of drainage.
        • Mahi and Narmada flows through it and into Arabian sea.
        • Chambal and Betwa flows through it to join Yamuna.
      • The Chotanagpur plateau.(Pat land)
        • Average height – 700 m.
        • Storehouse of minerals.
        • Large scale mining of Fe, Mn, coal, uranium is done in this region.
        • In its north-east Hazaribagh plateau.
        • In its east Parasanth hills.
        • In its south-east Ranchi plateau.
        • In its north-east Rajmahal hills. (black soil)
      • The Deccan plateau.
        • Largest unit.
        • Elevation – 600 m.
        • Higher in south.
        • Slopes from west to east.
        • Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery etc. flows through it.
      • Karnataka plateau.
        • Archean formations.
        • At the south of Maharashtra plateau.
        • Rocks of lava origin called Malnad region, in north Karnataka and rest of the red soil region of plateau called Maidan.
      • The Western Ghats or Sahyadris.
        • Western edge of plateau.
        • Height 900-1600 m.
        • 1600 km from Maharashtra to kanyakumari.
        • Can be crossed through passes only.
        • Width 50 km in north to about 300 km in south.
        • Some of the highest peaks are –
          • Kalsubai 1646 m.(highest of Maharashtra)
          • Salher 1567 m.
          • Mahabaleshwar 1424 m.
          • Mullayyanagiri 1930 m.(highest in Karnataka)
      • The Eastern Ghats.
        • Discontinuous and irregular.
        • Average height 600 m.
        • Western ghats are higher than eastern ghats.
        • South of Mahanadi valley to Nilgiris.
        • Comparatively broader.
    • The Coastal plains.
      • Eastern coastal plain. (coromandal coast)
        • Wide and level.
        • Northern part known as Utkal plains and northern circars.
        • The southern part is known as Coromandal coast.
      • Western coastal plain. (Malabar coast)
        • Is almost parallel to Sahyadris and Arabian Sea.
        • North to south it is classified as –
          • Kathiawar plain. (Gujarat)
          • Konkan plains. (Goa-Maharashtra)
          • Karnataka plains and Malabar plains. (along Kerala coast)
    • The Islands.
      • Lakshadweep islands.
        • Are close to Malabar coast.
        • Group of 25 islands. (small coral)
        • North of 110N latitude are the Amindivi islands.
        • South of 110S latitude are the Cannanore islands.
      • Andaman and Nicobar islands.
        • Archipelago has been formed by the extension of the tertiary mountain chains of Arakan yoma.
        • Have equatorial climate and thick forest cover.
        • Some islands are fringed with coral reefs.
        • Two broad categories –
          • Northern part is known as Andaman.
          • And southern part is known as the Nicobar.
          • They are separated by the Ten degree channel.
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